在這個仍然沒有消除饑餓的世界上，肥胖悄然蔓延，成為另一個令人頭疼的全球流行病。人們通常把肥胖問題歸結(jié)于個人不好的生活方式，但事情的根源似乎與此相去甚遠。

it ' s easy to make the assumption that obesity is an individual problem，having more to do with personal health than with social justice；people make their own decisions about what they put on their plates and how much they put in their mouths .

肥胖是個人的問題，主要與個人健康有關(guān)，很容易認為與社會正義無關(guān)。最終，在自己的盤子里放了什么食物，嘴里放了多少東西，由自己決定。

but many people are starting to see not only the public health consequences of the obesity epidemic，but also the broader foroder

然而，現(xiàn)在很多人開始看到肥胖傳染病對公眾健康的影響。不僅如此，事實證明，引起肥胖流行病的因素比人們想象的更廣泛。(威廉莎士比亞，肥胖，肥胖，肥胖，肥胖，肥胖，肥胖，肥胖，肥胖)。

and " epidemic " isn ' t too strong a word for the growing problem of obesity . the numbers in the u . s . are unsettling With startling increasity

對于日益嚴重的肥胖問題，用“傳染病”一詞來形容并不為過。美國肥胖人口的數(shù)字令人擔憂，在過去的幾十年里，這個數(shù)字增長得驚人。但是，目前仍屬于發(fā)展中國家的數(shù)十億人在全球化浪潮中逐漸超過了“快餐國家”的生活方式，所以最壞的局面似乎還沒有到來。

the transition has already begun . according to a recent u . n . report，More than 1 billion people around the world are overweight . each year exceer

這一變化已經(jīng)拉開帷幕。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國最近的報告，全球超重人口已超過10億。每年有280萬人死于超重和肥胖。目前，全世界有65%的人口超重問題嚴重的國家——中，超重引起的死亡率數(shù)字高于體重不足。而且，這種情況只會繼續(xù)惡化：聯(lián)合國食物權(quán)特別報告員(聯(lián)合國特別報告員，接受

聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會的管理，主要通過特別的程序執(zhí)行人權(quán)理事會的命令，就人權(quán)問題進行調(diào)查、監(jiān)督、建議以及報告等活動。)奧利維爾·德舒特稱，到2030年，貧困國家每年將有510萬人在60歲之前就死于不健康飲食或與飲食相關(guān)的疾病(比如糖尿病)，比現(xiàn)在增加130萬人。

The definitions of hunger and malnutrition (營養(yǎng)失調(diào))are changing, and as a result so are the responses—but perhaps not quickly enough.

對饑餓與營養(yǎng)失調(diào)的定義正在發(fā)生改變，因此，人類的應(yīng)對措施也在做出相應(yīng)調(diào)整——只是調(diào)整得還不夠迅速。

In the 1960s and 1970s, the cause of hunger was diagnosed by most officials as primarily a lack of adequate calories, and thus the response was a singular (突出的)focus on increased outputs. But the diagnosis was at bestsimplistic (簡單化的)—even decades ago, in a time of extensive famine, hunger was rooted as much in poverty and powerlessness as in a literal shortage of food.

在20世紀60與70年代，大多數(shù)官方人士判定，饑餓產(chǎn)生的主要原因是缺乏足夠的卡路里，于是出臺了與此對應(yīng)的舉措——單純關(guān)注食品產(chǎn)量的提高。但即便是以最樂觀的態(tài)度來看，這樣的判斷也是把問題簡單化了——即使是在幾十年前饑荒蔓延發(fā)生的時期，饑餓產(chǎn)生的根源也不完全在于食物不足，貧窮和無能為力與食物不足一樣，也是饑餓產(chǎn)生的根源。

That’s even truer today. The world produces enough food to feed everyone—17 percent more calories per person than 30 years ago, according to the World Hunger Education Service, enough to provide everyone in the world with sufficient nourishment. The main cause of hunger is still poverty (and the economic and political systems that cause poverty), along with war, racism, and, increasingly, the effects of climate change.

今天來看，情況更是如此。目前全世界生產(chǎn)的食物足夠養(yǎng)活所有人了。據(jù)世界饑餓教育組織統(tǒng)計，現(xiàn)在人均占有的卡路里比30年前增加了17%，足夠為世界的每個人提供充分的營養(yǎng)了。但如今，導(dǎo)致饑餓產(chǎn)生的主要原因仍然是貧窮(以及造成貧窮的經(jīng)濟與政治體制)。此外，造成饑餓的原因還包括戰(zhàn)爭、種族主義以及日益突出的氣候變化的影響。

And while undernutrition is still the main hunger issue in the developing world, obesity is more and more being recognized as another form of malnutrition.

盡管發(fā)展中國家的饑餓問題仍主要表現(xiàn)為營養(yǎng)不良問題，但人們也越來越意識到，肥胖是營

養(yǎng)失調(diào)的另一種表現(xiàn)。

While obesity is undeniably (不可否認地)related to a person’s lifestyle, personal choices around food cannot be separated from the political, social, and economic context. As De Schutter put it, “Our food systems are making people sick ... we must tackle the systemic problems that generate poor nutrition in all its forms.”

不可否認，肥胖與個人的生活方式息息相關(guān)，但個人對食物的選擇與其所處的政治、社會和經(jīng)濟環(huán)境是分不開的。正如德舒特所說：“讓人們生病的是我們的食品體制……我們必須解決這些導(dǎo)致各類營養(yǎng)失調(diào)癥狀出現(xiàn)的體制問題?！?/p>

Those systemic problems, which result in an overabundance of cheap, over-processed food, include everything from ag policies (such as the promotion, and often subsidizing (資助), of soybeans and cereals—especially corn—over fruits and vegetables) to the marketing of unhealthy foods to children and adults. . companies spent $8.5 billion advertising food, candy, andbeverages (飲料), not even counting alcohol, in 2010.)

這些體制問題導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是過度加工的廉價食品的泛濫。這些問題無所不包，從農(nóng)業(yè)政策(比如對大豆和谷物——尤其是玉米——所給予的優(yōu)先于水果和蔬菜的大力推廣和經(jīng)常性補貼)，到將不健康食品推銷給兒童和成人的市場營銷。(2010年，美國公司用于食品、糖果和飲料的廣告費用高達85億美元，這里面都還不包括酒類產(chǎn)品的廣告費用)。

Globalization, of course, magnifies it all worldwide—developing countries export high-quality food to rich countries and import refined grains (加工而成的谷類糧食). Poor families who in the past may have eaten a diet high in fruits and vegetables from local farms now rely mainly on starchy (淀粉的) staples (主食) and ingest higher proportions of fats and sugars. As De Schutter put it, “Urbanization, supermarketization, and the global spread of modern lifestyles have shaken up traditional food habits. The result is a public health disaster.” In other words, along with the super-processed food, we’re exporting diabetes and heart disease, and it’s not surprising that the worst effects are on people who are poor, particularly poor women.

當然，全球化將這一問題擴散到了全世界——發(fā)展中國家向富裕國家出口高質(zhì)量的食物，卻進口加工后的細糧。過去，貧困家庭的飲食主要以當?shù)剞r(nóng)莊出產(chǎn)的水果和蔬菜為主，但現(xiàn)在他們卻主要進食淀粉類主食，并攝入了更多的脂肪和糖類。德舒特指出：“城市化、超市化以及席卷全球的現(xiàn)代生活方式顛覆了傳統(tǒng)的飲食習慣，而這給公眾健康帶來了災(zāi)難性的后果?！睋Q句話說，我們在出口過度加工的食品的同時，也在出口糖尿病和心臟病，這就難怪最大的受害群體是窮人，尤其是貧困的婦女。

The U.N. report named five strategies to move toward a more sustainable approach to nutrition:

1) tax unhealthy products;

2) regulate foods high in saturated (飽和的)fats, salt, and sugar;

3) crack down on junk food advertising;

4) overhaul (革新) misguided agricultural subsidies that make certain ingredients cheaper than others; and

5) support local food production so that consumers have access to healthy, fresh, and nutritious foods.

None of those actions will be easy to accomplish in a domestic and international system where profit trumps (勝過)health justice.

為了讓人們獲得營養(yǎng)的方式更具可持續(xù)性，聯(lián)合國報告提出了五大策略：

①對不健康食品征稅；

②控制富含飽和脂肪、高鹽分以及高糖分的食品；

③取締垃圾食品廣告；

④改革受到誤導(dǎo)的農(nóng)業(yè)補貼政策，這些政策造成某些特定原料的價格低于其他原料；

⑤扶持當?shù)厥称飞a(chǎn)，讓消費者能夠獲得健康、新鮮、營養(yǎng)豐富的食物。

但是在現(xiàn)有的國內(nèi)和國際體系下，要執(zhí)行以上任何措施都并非易事，在兩大體系中，對利潤的追求往往會擊敗對健康公正的追求。

The good news is that people are starting to pay attention. There’s a growing recognition that what we put in our bodies isn’t just about ourselves; it has everything to do with our relationships with our communities and our broader world—human and natural. Food connects us, in profound ways we’re only beginning to understand, to the beautiful, fragile, precious web of life.

好在人們已開始關(guān)注健康問題。越來越多的人開始意識到，吃什么不僅是我們個人的私事，還與我們生活的社區(qū)以及更為廣闊的世界——人類社會和自然界——息息相關(guān)。食物以某種深刻的方式把我們與美麗、脆弱而珍貴的生命之網(wǎng)連結(jié)在一起，而對于這種方式的了解，我們才剛剛起步。

沒事你就玩?zhèn)€小游戲呀~