“Ask Professor Du”嘟教授問(wèn)答

Project-Based Learning – A Project Format

實(shí)施項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法的具體步驟

At the end of February, I wrote about project-based learning in courses and I promised that I would give you a format for using project-based learning. Your assignment was to come up with some ideas for projects to infuse into the learning environment for your courses. I suggested you identify one course and fit a project into that course. What kind of a project-based experience would be good for your students to work on? Here are several ideas of possible projects for a course you may teach:

二月末，我寫(xiě)了一篇關(guān)于項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法的博客，說(shuō)到這次要跟大家分享使用項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法的具體步驟。留給你們的任務(wù)是思考一下有什么項(xiàng)目可以融合到你的課堂內(nèi)容中去。我建議大家先選定一門(mén)課程，再設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目安排到課程中去。有什么項(xiàng)目適合你的學(xué)生呢？這里給大家提供一些項(xiàng)目主題作為參考：

Exploration of a company, brand or topic culminating in a PowerPoint and an oral presentation

了解一個(gè)公司、品牌或相關(guān)話題，借助PPT進(jìn)行口頭展示

Video story of the departments in a hotel

酒店各個(gè)部門(mén)的視頻故事

Hiring manual for a Human Resources department

人力資源部門(mén)招聘手冊(cè)

Training manual for a department in a hotel or restaurant

酒店或餐廳某部門(mén)培訓(xùn)手冊(cè)

A plan for an event including all aspects and a timeline

包含各方面和時(shí)間推進(jìn)表的活動(dòng)策劃

Creating a hospitality or tourism business

創(chuàng)建一個(gè)酒店或旅游公司

The development of a new menu for a restaurant

為餐廳設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)新菜單

New promotion and advertising campaign for a hotel or restaurant

為酒店或餐廳設(shè)計(jì)新的促銷宣傳活動(dòng)

PowerPoint comparing two major hotel brands

利用PPT比較兩大主要酒店品牌

A plan to improve revenue generation in a hotel or restaurant

為酒店或餐廳設(shè)計(jì)增加收益計(jì)劃

Incentive and rewards program for housekeepers in a hotel

酒店客房服務(wù)員激勵(lì)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)計(jì)劃

Check-in and check-out manual for front desk employees

前臺(tái)員工辦理入住、退房手冊(cè)

Design for a new uniform for front-of-the-house employees

為酒店運(yùn)營(yíng)部門(mén)員工設(shè)計(jì)新的員工制服

Design for a team-building activity for employees at your restaurant or hotel

為酒店或餐廳的員工設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)活動(dòng)

Competition among departments in your hotel for best customer service rating by customers

由客人評(píng)選酒店最佳對(duì)客服務(wù)部門(mén)

New signature dish for your restaurant

為餐廳設(shè)計(jì)新的招牌菜

Okay, enough ideas!Now, how do you structure the development of these projects to improve learning and facilitate student involvement? I use the following steps for my projects:

好了，這么多話題足夠了！那么，現(xiàn)在你要如何設(shè)計(jì)這些項(xiàng)目，改善教學(xué)內(nèi)容并且組織學(xué)生參與進(jìn)來(lái)呢？以下步驟供大家參考：

1

Choose the project and identify the components or elements that the final project will include, as well as the value of each component and the overall project.

確定一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，并指出項(xiàng)目最終包含哪些部分或元素，以及每一部分和整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的價(jià)值所在。

2

Divide the final project into steps or parts (these are generally consistent with the components or elements that you identified in Step 1).

將最終的項(xiàng)目分解成N個(gè)步驟（這些步驟與第一步提到的部分或元素是一致的）。

3

Create a timeline and progression for completing each part or element.

建立一個(gè)時(shí)間推進(jìn)表，用于指導(dǎo)各個(gè)部分的有序進(jìn)行。

4

Develop a task sheet that includes what you have decided in Steps 1-3 and introduce the project to the class.

設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)任務(wù)表格，寫(xiě)明第一、二、三步的內(nèi)容，然后向?qū)W生介紹整個(gè)項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容。

5

Form groups for the project and allow them to select their project.

組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行分組，讓學(xué)生自由選擇項(xiàng)目話題。

6

Schedule class time for the groups to work on their projects.

為各小組安排課堂時(shí)間討論各自項(xiàng)目。

7

Grade and give feedback to the group on each component as they create the project part by part.

在各小組建立項(xiàng)目的過(guò)程中，為每個(gè)組成部分評(píng)分并給出反饋。

8

Create a culminating event for presentation of the projects. This can be during class time or outside of the class time inviting others to see the final projects.

設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)項(xiàng)目展示活動(dòng)?？梢岳谜n堂時(shí)間，也可以是課堂之外，邀請(qǐng)其他教師或?qū)W生觀看最終項(xiàng)目匯報(bào)。

Here are frequently asked questions I generally receive about my projects.

接下來(lái)我來(lái)說(shuō)一說(shuō)關(guān)于項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法大家關(guān)心的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：

1. Why groups? I think working collaboratively with others develops interpersonal skills, communication skills, personal responsibility, a support network, and time management skills, all essential elements needed for success in tourism and hospitality careers.

1. 為什么以團(tuán)隊(duì)形式？我認(rèn)為與他人協(xié)作能夠培養(yǎng)學(xué)生交際能力、溝通能力、責(zé)任心、人際關(guān)系及時(shí)間管理能力。這些都是未來(lái)旅游與酒店行業(yè)必備的核心素質(zhì)。

2. Should I put the students into groups? No. I would allow students to form their own group and also to choose their own topic or focus for the project.

2. 我應(yīng)該為學(xué)生指定分組嗎？不。我讓學(xué)生自由選擇團(tuán)隊(duì)成員和項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容。

4. What is a good size for the groups? I would have them work in groups of three to six students depending on the size of the class. The larger the class, the larger the group size.

4. 每個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)有多少成員？我會(huì)根據(jù)班額大小將學(xué)生分為3-6人一組。班級(jí)人數(shù)越多，每組成員越多。

5. When should I form the groups? Groups are formed about three to four weeks into the semester. This timing allows me to develop a basic foundation of knowledge for the project.

5. 我什么時(shí)候?qū)⒎纸M確定下來(lái)？開(kāi)學(xué)初，給學(xué)生3-4個(gè)星期組隊(duì)。這個(gè)時(shí)間我來(lái)給學(xué)生介紹開(kāi)發(fā)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的基本知識(shí)。

6. Should I assign projects to each group? No. Again, I allow students to choose their project with my guidance. Students love choice and this gives them another chance to choose. I provide a list of suggestions from which groups may select their project. If they want to pursue a project not on the list, they can with my approval.

6. 我應(yīng)該給每組學(xué)生指定任務(wù)嗎？不。我會(huì)給予學(xué)生指導(dǎo)，讓他們自主選擇項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容。學(xué)生們喜歡自主選擇權(quán)。我會(huì)給學(xué)生列出任務(wù)清單，如果有人提出清單之外的項(xiàng)目，在獲得我的允許之后也可以開(kāi)展。

7. Explain how the project development works in your class. Once groups are formed and projects are selected, I lecture on material essential to the areas of project development. Then I use a portion of class time for the students to meet in their groups. This allows me one-on-one-time to meet with individual groups and teach specific to the group’s project and help them understand important concepts. The groups begin to create the project based on the various parts.

7. 在課堂上向?qū)W生講解項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)的流程。學(xué)生完成組隊(duì)并選定項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容后，我會(huì)給學(xué)生講解項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。然后我給學(xué)生一部分課堂時(shí)間進(jìn)行小組討論。這也讓我能夠?qū)γ總€(gè)小組具體的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容進(jìn)行一對(duì)一地指導(dǎo)，幫助他們理清重要的概念。之后，各小組開(kāi)始創(chuàng)建各自的項(xiàng)目。

8. I am still unclear about the parts or components of the project; can you give me some examples? Of course! If the final project will be a video, what steps or elements will the group need to complete to achieve the final project, i.e., a scenario, a , a storyboard, a shooting plan, etc.? If it is an event plan, it might encompass deciding what the event will be, a general outline of the event, a list of “to dos,” a timeline, decorations, menu, etc.” If it is a business plan, elements might be what to sell, who the customers will be, who the employees will be, and the financials. These are just examples, but decide what the parts might look like to make the whole, and then these become the components, stages or steps needed.

8. 對(duì)于每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的組成部分我還不是很清楚。你能舉例說(shuō)明嗎？當(dāng)然可以！如果最終的項(xiàng)目成果是一個(gè)視頻，那么每個(gè)小組需要完成的各部分內(nèi)容是什么？比如場(chǎng)景、劇本、故事解說(shuō)板、拍攝計(jì)劃等。如果是一個(gè)活動(dòng)計(jì)劃，可能包括活動(dòng)主題、活動(dòng)內(nèi)容、活動(dòng)計(jì)劃、時(shí)間推進(jìn)表、會(huì)場(chǎng)布置、菜單等。如果是一個(gè)商業(yè)計(jì)劃，組成元素可能包括產(chǎn)品、消費(fèi)對(duì)象、員工、財(cái)務(wù)等方面問(wèn)題。當(dāng)然這些只是舉例，想想整個(gè)項(xiàng)目由哪些部分組成，也就得出了完成項(xiàng)目所需的具體步驟。

9. Why divide it into components or steps, why not just concentrate on the finished project?

Simply put, I want to guide their learning experience and these components/parts/steps enable me to make these low-stakes assignments. I get a chance to give feedback and grade each of these smaller parts with a chance to ensure overall success in the final project for the students. Each step provides me with teachable moments, opportunities for encouragement and motivation, and also the ability to monitor group progress. In other words, while students have substantial freedom to complete the project, I can maintain control of whatever is happening in the groups and help them achieve their final goal, a great project!

9. 為什么要把項(xiàng)目分解為N個(gè)步驟？為什么不能直接評(píng)價(jià)最后的項(xiàng)目成果？簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，我想在他們的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中給予引導(dǎo)，這些分解的步驟可以讓我布置低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)任務(wù)。我可以對(duì)每個(gè)小的部分進(jìn)行評(píng)分并給出反饋，這樣能夠保證學(xué)生的項(xiàng)目最終取得成功。每一個(gè)步驟，我都可以抓住適當(dāng)機(jī)會(huì)，鼓勵(lì)和激勵(lì)學(xué)生，并且掌控各小組項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程。換句話說(shuō)，盡管學(xué)生對(duì)項(xiàng)目有充分的自由權(quán)，我同時(shí)也需要監(jiān)控各小組的表現(xiàn)，幫助他們完成最終的目標(biāo)！

10. What do you mean by low-stakes assignment? I grade each component/part of the project as it is due and give feedback to the group on the part submitted. Each of these components or parts are worth a smaller percentage of the overall grade, thus making them low stakes, not a large part of the final grade. This project could be worth as much as 60% of their final grade. If the course had a total of 100 points for the final course mark, and the overall project is 60%, then part one might be worth 10 points, part two 5 points, part three 10 points, oral presentation 15 points, and the final project 20 points, adding up to 60 points or 60% of the final course grade.

10. 什么是低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)任務(wù)？我會(huì)給項(xiàng)目的每個(gè)部分進(jìn)行評(píng)分，并給每個(gè)小組反饋意見(jiàn)。每個(gè)部分都只占全部分?jǐn)?shù)很小的比例，而不是分值很大的最終評(píng)分，這就是所謂的“低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。例如，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目占課程總分的60%。如果課程總分為100分，那么項(xiàng)目總分為60分，第一部分可能占10分，第二部分5分，第三部分10分，口頭展示15分，最終項(xiàng)目展示20分，加起來(lái)是60分，也就是課程總分的60%。

11. Doesn’t this create a lot more work for you? Not really. This keeps the group moving forward and allows them to modify and improve their work that will eventually become the final project. Students like the opportunity to perfect and correct their work and this gives them the chance to do so!

11. 這是不是意味著給你增加了很多工作？并不是。這種方法可以讓每個(gè)小組成員都參與進(jìn)來(lái)，不斷修改、完善他們的項(xiàng)目，最終變成團(tuán)隊(duì)成果。學(xué)生們喜歡不斷追求完美的過(guò)程！

12. I am convinced that project-based learning is a terrific method to use. It overcomes so many of the things I hear from teachers like, students aren’t interested in what I teach, students don’t pay attention to my lectures, students are on their phones all of the time, and students aren’t motivated to learn. Project-based learning incorporates three important things that students want in the classroom, namely choice, improving their submitted work, and real-world content that is relevant to them. And it also enables students to learn important concepts by applying theory to practice while developing skills necessary for success in the hospitality and tourism industry. I encourage you to try it, and if you need help, just email me. I am ready to help you!

我相信項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法是一種非常實(shí)用有效的教學(xué)方法?？梢越鉀Q之前老師們反饋的很多問(wèn)題，如學(xué)生對(duì)所教學(xué)科沒(méi)有興趣、學(xué)生上課注意力不集中、學(xué)生一直玩手機(jī)或?qū)W生缺乏學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力等。項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法將學(xué)生想要的三樣?xùn)|西很好地植入課堂，即自主選擇權(quán)、不斷完善學(xué)習(xí)成果、學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容與真實(shí)世界相關(guān)。通過(guò)將理論應(yīng)用到實(shí)際，學(xué)生對(duì)理論理解更深刻；同時(shí)也培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生在酒店與旅游行業(yè)必備的職業(yè)發(fā)展技能。

我強(qiáng)烈建議大家嘗試一下這種方法。如果需要幫助，請(qǐng)隨時(shí)發(fā)郵件聯(lián)系我！我非常愿意幫助大家！

翻譯：梅曉瑤