四、介詞
1、介詞短語(yǔ)
according to ahead of apart from by means of but for because of due to except for for the sake of in addition to instead of in front of
in spite of in the name of on behalf of prior to with regard to owing to由于
2、分詞介詞
concerning including past regarding
3、介詞用法比較
3.1 表示時(shí)間的介詞at, on, in, after, for, since, by, till, until, during
?、賏t表示確切時(shí)間點(diǎn)或較短的一段時(shí)間;in表示一天中的各部分時(shí)間或較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間;
on表示具體的某天或某天上午或下午;during表示一段時(shí)間,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的延續(xù)。
at 4:30 (noon, dawn, midnight……) on Sunday (Oct.1……)
on Saturday afternoon (an autumn evening……) ***in the afternoon on Sunday
at Christmas in (during) 1987 (December, the 19th century……)
during my military service (the trip) The job was done in a week.
?、贖e will be back in two hours. He will be back after two o"clock.
?、跧 stayed in London (for) two days on my way to New York. since 1950 (then)
?、蹷y noon, everybody had (will have) arrived there. 到中午的時(shí)候,大家都(將)到那兒了。
from 1985 to 1996
?、軭e waited till(until)5 o"clock. They stayed until (till) after the meeting. (肯定句中表示:直到…時(shí)候)
Until now I knew nothing about it. Jack didn"t come home until / till about 11. (否定句中表示:直到…才)
3.2表示地點(diǎn)、位置的介詞in, at, round, around, beyond, on, beneath, over, under, above, below, up, down, before, behind, between, among, amid(st)
?、賂he car pulled up at the gate.車停在大門口 She lives at No. 52 Hazel Avenue.
They have arrived in Peking. What is in the box?
②He put a necklace (a)round her neck. He is making a trip round the world.
?、踒eyond表示在…以外: There is a village beyond the hill.
?、躱n:在…(平面)上;beneath:在…(平面)下:
There is a book on the desk. The submarine can run very fast beneath the sea.
⑤over:在(垂直)上方; under:在(垂直)下方:
There is a lamp over the table. The peasants are having a rest under the tree.
?、轪bove:在…上方; below:在…下方:
The plane is flying above the clouds. The sun sank below the horizon.
?、遙efore:在…前面;after:在…后面 (兩者具有動(dòng)態(tài)意義)
Don"t put the cart before the horse.莫本末倒置。 The object should be placed after the verb.
***in front of和behind表示靜態(tài)意義的位置。
The car was parked in front of the building. There is a garden behind the house.
?、郻etween:在(兩者)之間:Is there any difference between the two words?
among:在(兩者以上)之間:They visited the temple among the hills.
amid(st):在…之間(含有被不同之物包圍之意),可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞:
The soldiers charged forward amid(st) the enemy bullets.
3.3表示方向、方位的介詞to,in,for, at
?、?in在…面(包含在其中): Shanghai lies in the east of China.
to在…部(不包含在其中): Japan lies to the east of China.
on 兩地接壤: Vietnam lies on the south of China.
?、趌eave, start, depart等詞后加for,表示目的地:He will leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
3.4表示空間運(yùn)動(dòng)的介詞along, across, through, over, up, down, from, to, into, out of
?、賏long沿著: They are taking a walk along the street.
across橫過(guò): Dare you swim across the river?
?、趖hrough(從中間穿過(guò)): They drove through the city (tunnel)
over越過(guò): The plane flew over the city.
③up向上方: He ran up the stairs. down向下方: The ship is sailing down the river.
?、蹾e received a letter from abroad. She stood up and walked to the window.
3.5表示工具、方法和手段的介詞with, by, in, through, on
1)with表示工具,方式(抽象),也可表示材料:
Wood is often cut with a saw. We should face the situation with great courage.
2)by表示途徑或手段:
Babies learn to speak by imitation. We can get energy by burning fuel.
3) in表示方式: Can you do the experiment in another way? Cloth is often measured in metres.
4) through表示途徑,手段,與by接近: He became rich through hard work.
3.6表示原因的介詞because of, owing to, due to(一般不位于句首), on account of, at, for, from, with, of
eg. The flight was cancelled due to the fog. We rejoiced at their great achievements.
He was punished for stealing. They are suffering from starvation and disease.
She was red with shame. The man died of lung cancer.直接原因 The soldier died from a bad wound.間接原因
3.7除了…:besides, except, except for, but, apart from(意思較廣)
Besides English, they also study math, physics and chemistry.
He answered all the questions except (but) the last one.
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.整體中除去一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)
The enemy had no choice but to surrender.
***but for表示:要不是因?yàn)椋热魶]有,常用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示含蓄條件。
3.8表示讓步的介詞in spite of, despite, after all, for all, with all
The children continued to play in the garden despite the rain.
With all his achievements, he remains modest and prudent.謙虛謹(jǐn)慎 For all his faults, we still like him.
五、形容詞和副詞
5.1系表結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用形容詞作表語(yǔ):The dish smells good. He looks very serious. She felt bad at the news.
5.2一些形容詞與副詞同形,如:
clean direct firm likely quick close early hard long slow clear enough high
low straight dead far kindly much tight deep fast late near wrong wide
John drives very fast. He took a fast train to London.
You must go straight to bed. The teacher drew a straight line.
5.3常見以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
daily每天的 lonely孤獨(dú)的 lovely可愛的 lively活潑的 monthly每月一次的 friendly友好的
kindly和藹的 early早的 silly愚蠢的 timely及時(shí)的 likely很可能的 ugly丑陋的
deadly致命的 deathly死一般的 earthly世俗的 其中early, kindly, likely也可用作副詞。
5.4某些形容詞與副詞只差一個(gè)詞尾,但意義卻大不相同:
bad 壞的 badly 非常 practical實(shí)際的 practically事實(shí)上 hard堅(jiān)硬 hardly 幾乎不
large 大的 largely主要地 late遲的,晚的 lately近來(lái) like像 likely 很可能
scarce 稀少的 scarcely 幾乎不 short 短的 shortly 不久,很快 bare 光禿的 barely僅僅
I、形容詞
****This is a tough task. 作定語(yǔ) This task is tough.作表語(yǔ)
1.1常見只作表語(yǔ)的形容詞:
asleep睡著的 afraid 害怕的 aware意識(shí)到的 awake醒的 alike相似的 alone單獨(dú)的 alive活著的
ashamed羞愧的 content滿意的 glad高興的 unable不能的 well健康的 fond喜歡的 sorry抱歉的
1.2少數(shù)形容詞作表語(yǔ)和作定語(yǔ)時(shí)意義不同:
作表語(yǔ) 作定語(yǔ)
ill 生病的 邪惡的
hard 嚴(yán)厲的 努力的
certain 有把握的 某(一)個(gè)
little 少的 小的
present 出席的 當(dāng)前的
2.1幾個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)的常見順序:
限定詞→一般描述性形容詞→大小/形狀→年齡/新舊→色彩→國(guó)籍/地區(qū)/出處→物質(zhì)/材料→用途/類別→名詞
eg. our great, socialist mother 我們偉大的社會(huì)主義祖國(guó)
that hungry, tired, sleepy, little match girl那個(gè)饑餓的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、賣火柴的小女孩
2.2同類形容詞排列,較短的放在前面: a kind, generous, old man一個(gè)和藹、慷慨的老人
2.3同類的形容詞之間也可用and連接:That is a black and white cat. He was tall, dark and handsome.
3、比較:
1) sleepy 瞌睡的 2) healthy 健康的 3) industrial 工業(yè)的
asleep 睡著的 healthful有益于健康的 industrious勤奮的
4) historic 有歷史意義的 5) continual 頻繁的 6) economic經(jīng)濟(jì)(上)的
historical 歷史的 continuous 連續(xù)不斷的 economical節(jié)省的
7) distinct 清晰的 8) respectable 值得尊敬的 9) everyday日常的
distinctive 有特色的 respectful 有禮貌的 every day每天(作狀語(yǔ))
10) all ready都準(zhǔn)備好的 11) popular流行的 12) considerable相當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
already (副詞)已經(jīng) populous人口稠密的 considerate考慮周到的
13) disinterested無(wú)私的 14) honorary名譽(yù)上的 15) practical實(shí)用的
uninterested不感興趣的 honorable可尊敬的 practicable可行的
16) defective有缺點(diǎn)的 17) alone獨(dú)自的 18) successful成功的
deficient缺乏的 lonely孤獨(dú)的 successive連續(xù)的
19) principal主要的 20) pleasant令人愉快的 21) desirable中意的
principle原則n. pleased高興的 desirous渴望的
22) imminent緊迫的 23) live活的(作定語(yǔ)) 24) like相象的
eminent的 lively活潑的 alike相象的(作表語(yǔ))
alive活的(作表語(yǔ)) likely可能的
25) dead死的 26) sensitive敏感的 27) efficient效率高的
deadly致命的 sensible明智的 proficient熟練的
deathly死一般的 sensory知覺的 sufficient足夠的
28) imaginable可以想象的 29) invaluable無(wú)價(jià)的 30) eligible合格的 31) stationary靜止的
imaginary想象中的 valueless無(wú)價(jià)值的 illegible字跡不清的 stationery文具
imaginative有想象力的 priceless無(wú)價(jià)的 illegal非法的
II、副詞
1.1常見差別較大的副詞:
high高高地 highly高度地 direct徑直地 directly立刻 late晚,遲 lately 最近
pretty相當(dāng)?shù)?prettily優(yōu)美地 sharp突然 sharply嚴(yán)厲地 short突然 shortly馬上
most最 mostly大部分 near近 nearly幾乎 just正好 justly公正地
hard努力地 hardly幾乎不 free免費(fèi)地 freely自由地
1.2副詞在句中的位置 quickly enough do everything carefully
1.3插入語(yǔ)
?、貴rankly, the students didn"t work hard enough last term. 表態(tài)度
?、赥he clock is old; it is, however, in good condition. 表邏輯關(guān)系
?、跿he rain didn"t last long, as they had expected. 表解釋
?、躎hat accident, John recalled, occurred on a summer morning. 表主次關(guān)系
III、形容詞和副詞(比較)
1.1肯定式原級(jí)比較:……像……那樣: as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+ as名詞或代詞(主格)
Some of the stars may be as large as the sun and as hot as the sun.
1.2否定式原級(jí)比較:……不如……那樣:not so或as+ 形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+ as名詞或代詞(主格)
The melting point of copper is not so (或as) high as that of iron.
1.3有時(shí),否定式原級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)不表示比較,而是表示:與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……
He is not so (much) unintelligent as uneducated.與其說(shuō)他不聰明,不如說(shuō)他未受過(guò)教育。
1.4 more (less)……than結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)表示:與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……,用法同上。
He is more diligent than clever. 與其說(shuō)他聰明,不如說(shuō)他勤奮。
She was less hurt than frightened. 與其說(shuō)她受傷了,不如說(shuō)被嚇著了。
He is much more an actor than a musician. 與其說(shuō)他是音樂(lè)家,不如說(shuō)是演員。
2.1特殊比較級(jí)和級(jí)形式
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí) 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
good/well better best many/much more most
little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest
bad/badly/ill worse worst old elder/older eldest/oldest
late later/latter latest/last near nearer nearest/nest
***elder不與than連用
2.2常見充當(dāng)比較級(jí)程度狀語(yǔ)的詞有:
much, many, far, by far, still, even, a lot,a little, a great deal,three years, one-third,20%等。
eg. Air in the country is much (far…) cleaner than that in the city.
He is three years older than his sister. This month, they will produce 20% more coal than last month.
many / far more opportunities可數(shù) much / far more money不可數(shù)
2.3表示倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式:
This room is three times as large as that one. 這個(gè)房間的大小是那個(gè)房間的三倍。
Our trade union movement would be a thousand times stronger if it were better organized.
如果組織得好一些, 我們的工會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)將會(huì)(比現(xiàn)在)強(qiáng)一千倍。
2.4 "the + more……, the + more……"表示:"越……,越……"
The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.
The more books one reads, the more knowledgeable he becomes.
2.5 有時(shí)比較級(jí)也用"the +比較級(jí) + of +比較范圍(通常兩者)"結(jié)構(gòu):
He is the cleverer of the two boys. Of Mary and Jane, who is the smarter?
2.6 not more than和 no more than的區(qū)別
not more than:不超過(guò),不及; no more than:轉(zhuǎn)義為只不過(guò),僅僅。= only
There are not more than 500 students in this school. 這個(gè)學(xué)校的學(xué)生不超過(guò)五百。
There are no more than 500 students in this school. 這個(gè)學(xué)校里的學(xué)生只有五百。
類似的還有:not less than不少于 no less than 有……之多
not better than 不比……好 no better than 一樣的不好
3.1有些形容詞及其-ly副詞由于本身意義的原因,不可用于比較級(jí),也不能被其他程度副詞如very等修飾。
absolute絕對(duì)的 sole的 eternal永恒的 total總的 first第一的 ultimate最終的
true真實(shí)的 unique獨(dú)特的 wrong錯(cuò)誤的 final 最終的 correct正確的 last最后的
only僅有的 perfect 完美的 primary首要的 unanimous一致的
3.2少數(shù)以-or結(jié)尾含有比較意義的形容詞,后面要求接to來(lái)引導(dǎo)比較對(duì)象。常見的有:
inferior劣等的 junior年幼的 superior優(yōu)越的 senior年長(zhǎng)的
六、動(dòng)詞
1、動(dòng)詞分類(一):連系動(dòng)詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
1.1常用的連系動(dòng)詞有:
appear be become come fall feel get go grow keep
lie remain rest run smell sound stand stay taste look
1.2實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞之分
1.3助動(dòng)詞無(wú)實(shí)際意義,只起語(yǔ)法作用:
Do you read newspaper every day? The job will be finished soon.
1.4情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),增加謂語(yǔ)的情態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣等色彩。
2、動(dòng)詞種類(二)
2.1界限性動(dòng)詞(不能與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用),如:
catch come die find give join kill lose leave marry realize
2.2非界限性動(dòng)詞(所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可以一直進(jìn)行下去)
①動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞:live, sit, stand, study, talk, work, write等
②狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞:be, belong, consist, exist, feel, hate, have, hope, love, want等
3、常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:
ask bring buy choose do deny fetch get give grant hand leave lend
make offer order pay pass promise sell send show take teach tell write
常見動(dòng)詞搭配:
1、動(dòng)詞 + 介詞:
listen to聽 amount to等于 long for渴望 call on號(hào)召 operate on 為……動(dòng)手術(shù)
consist of 由……組成 resist in堅(jiān)持 account for解釋 look at 看 care for 照顧
object to反對(duì) send for 派人去請(qǐng) rely on 依靠 depend on 依靠 stand for代表
laugh at 嘲笑 wait for等待 look into調(diào)查 apply for申請(qǐng) believe in 信仰
play with玩 come across碰見 go through通過(guò)
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