連詞起連接詞與詞,短語與短語以及句與句的作用。介詞用來表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系。介詞后面一般有名詞代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類,短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組,在句中作狀語,表語,補(bǔ)語或介詞賓語。

并列連詞

并列連詞用于連接并列的單詞、短語、從句或句子,如and,but,or,for等。

1.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞。這類連詞主要有but,yet等。例如:

(1)Someone borrowed my pen,but I don’t remember who.有人借了我的鋼筆,但我不記得是誰了。

(2)He said he was our friend,yet he wouldn’t help us.他說他是我們的朋友,但卻不肯幫助我們。

2.表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞。這類連詞主要有for,so等。例如:

(1)The child had a bad cough,so his mother took him to the doctor.這孩子咳得很利害,所以他媽媽帶他去看醫(yī)生。

(2)You are supposed to get rid of carelessness,for it often leads to serious errors.你們一定要克服粗枝大葉,因?yàn)榇种Υ笕~常常引起嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。

注意:for表示結(jié)果通常不能放句首,也不能單獨(dú)使用。

3.表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞。這類連詞主要有and,or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but (also),both...and,as well as等。例如:

(1)He didn’t go and she didn’t go either.他沒去,她也沒去。

(2)The weather is mild today,it is neither hot nor cold.今天天氣很溫暖,不冷也不熱。

(3)Both New York and London have traffic problems.紐約和倫敦都存在交通問題。

(4)It is important for you as well as for me.這對你和對我都很重要。

(5)People who are either under age or over age may not join the army.年齡不到或者超齡的人都不得參軍。

從屬連詞

1.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞

(1)表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”或“每當(dāng)”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的when,while,as,whenever。如:

Don’t talk while you’re eating.吃飯時(shí)不要說話。

(2)表示“在……之前(或之后)”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有before,after。如:

Try to finish your work before you leave.離開前設(shè)法把工作做完。

(3)表示“自從”或“直到”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有since,until,till。如:

She’s been playing tennis since she was eight.她從八歲起就打網(wǎng)球了。

(4)表示“一……就”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有as soon as,the moment,the minute,the second,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner...than,hardly...when等。如:

I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.我一接她的信就通知你。

(5)表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(隨時(shí)),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如:

We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands.每當(dāng)我們洗手的時(shí)候,我們都要損失一些皮膚細(xì)胞。

注意:every time,each time,any time前不用冠詞,(the) next time,(the) last time中的冠詞可以省略,而the first time中的冠詞通常不能省略。

2.引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞。這類連詞主要有if,unless,as [so] long as,in case等。如:

In case it rains they will stay at home.萬一下雨,他們就呆在家里。

注意:在條件狀語從句中,通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義,而不能直接使用將來時(shí)態(tài)。不過,有時(shí)表示條件的if之后可能用will,但那不是將來時(shí)態(tài),而是表示意愿或委婉的請求(will為情態(tài)動詞)。如:

If you will sit down for a few moments,I’ll tell the manager you’re here.請稍坐,我這就通知經(jīng)理說您來了。

3.引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有in order that,so that,in case,for fear等。如:

He raised his voice so that everyone could hear.他提高了嗓音,以便每個(gè)人都能聽見。

4.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有so that,so...that,such...that等。如:

I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.我去聽演講去得很早,所以找個(gè)好座位。

5.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering(that)等。如:

He distrusted me because I was new.他不信任我,因?yàn)槲沂切聛淼摹?/p>

6.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。如:

(1)Although they are twins, they look entirely different.他們雖是孿生,但是相貌卻完全不同。

(2)I like her even though she can be annoying.盡管她有時(shí)很惱人,但我還是喜歡她。

7.引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有as,as if,as though,the way等。如:

Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to?你怎么不聽我的話趕乘末班公共汽車呢?

8.引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。如:

The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple.這座教堂蓋在一座羅馬寺廟的舊址。

9.引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有than和as...as。如:

She was now happier than she had ever been.現(xiàn)在她比過去任何時(shí)候都快活。

10.引起名詞從句的從屬連詞。主要有that,whether,if等,它們用于引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。其中that不僅沒不充當(dāng)句子成分,而且沒有詞義,在句子中只起連接作用;而if,whether雖不充當(dāng)句子成分,但有詞義,即表示“是否”。如:

He replied that he was going by train.他回答說他將坐火車去。

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