(1)應(yīng)用寫作——通知

通知的正文一般寫在“notice”一詞下面，一般不需要寫稱呼語(yǔ)和結(jié)束語(yǔ)。同時(shí)單位名稱可以寫在便箋上方或正文右下角。

本文一般使用文章形式，有時(shí)為了引人注目，還可以使用廣告式。廣告式要力求簡(jiǎn)潔明了，一篇文章可以分成幾行。每行的第一個(gè)字母一般要大寫。

看例句：

明天(星期五)全班將去參觀科學(xué)博物館(the Science Museum)，你(班長(zhǎng))將通知全體同學(xué)。(給予通知的開始和結(jié)束)內(nèi)容如下：

1.早上8點(diǎn)在學(xué)校門口集合，步行去。

2.下周一提交關(guān)于參觀的報(bào)告。

3.參觀的時(shí)候要仔細(xì)聽，仔細(xì)看，寫下有趣的東西。

4.博物館內(nèi)不能大聲喧嘩或拍照。

5.有筆和筆記本電腦。

要求：不要逐字翻譯。字?jǐn)?shù)60 ~ 80。

Fellow students

we are going to visit the science museum tomorrow . we will meet at the school gate at eight in the morning And we will go there on foot . take your pour And nour

Thank you。

(2)應(yīng)用寫作——日記

根據(jù)中英文提示，敘述一篇日記和一次(行情山)郊游。(短文的開頭已經(jīng)給出了。)。

要求：

1.短文應(yīng)包括中文和英文提示內(nèi)容。

2.文章通順，意思連貫。

3.書寫整潔，卷軸整潔，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)正確。

4.字?jǐn)?shù)超過80個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。

星期日，五月天1st

I got to school very early . our class took a special bus to xisai mount . we got to the foot of the mount at 8336030 . we began climbing the mount On our way the." birds are flying in front of xisai mount， ".I kept feeling proud of our city

(3)應(yīng)用文件——寫信。

信分為信封和內(nèi)容兩部分。

1、信封寫法。

在英文信封正面的左上角寫上發(fā)送者的姓名和地址。在信封正面中央向左寫收信人的地址和姓名。

英語(yǔ)信封上的地名從小到大，根據(jù)其長(zhǎng)度，可以占據(jù)2 ~ 5行。

寄件人只寫名字，不寫頭銜。但是收信人一般在名字前加上頭銜，以表示禮貌和尊敬。對(duì)于沒有職稱或頭銜的人，通常在名字前寫上Mr .Mr .或Ms .

信封上的寫法一般很少出現(xiàn)在中考英語(yǔ)的作文中。

2、內(nèi)容。

英文信件一般可分為以下幾節(jié)。

1)信方(Heading)是寄信人的地址和發(fā)信日期。

2)收信人姓名地址

3)稱呼

4)信的正文

5)結(jié)束語(yǔ)

6)簽名

有時(shí)出題者會(huì)讓考生寫e-mail。E-mail的寫法和信的寫法基本一致。信封的麻煩少了而已。

根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的大意，寫出意思一致、符合邏輯、少于50個(gè)單詞的短文。

假設(shè)你是王明。昨天我收到筆友大衛(wèi)的電子郵件，發(fā)現(xiàn)他馬上要來北京學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)。他想知道如何學(xué)好漢語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)用英語(yǔ)回復(fù)e-mail。請(qǐng)介紹學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法，提出你的建議，表達(dá)幫助他學(xué)好漢語(yǔ)的愿望。

Dear David，

I ' m glad you ' ll come to Beijing to learn

Chinese. Chinese is very useful, and many foreigners are learning it now. It's difficult for you because it's quite different from English. You have to remember as many Chinese words as possible. It's also important to do some reading and writing. You can watch TV and listen to the radio to practise your listening. Do your best to talk with people in Chinese. You can learn Chinese not only from books but also from people around you. If you have any questions, please ask me. I'm sure you'll learn Chinese well.

Hope to see you soon in Beijing.

Yours,

Wang Ming

（4）英語(yǔ)議論文的寫作方法

與其他文體相比，英治議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)一般較為固定，有下列幾個(gè)部分組成：

1.提出需要議論的議題；

2.擺出正反兩方面的觀點(diǎn)；

3.表明作者持何種態(tài)度；

4.論證自己觀點(diǎn)的正確性從而使讀者接受自己的觀點(diǎn)；

5.小結(jié)。

在具體寫作中要注意下列幾點(diǎn)：

1.議題的提出要開門見山，不要拖泥帶水，啰啰唆唆

2.正反兩方面的觀點(diǎn)一般都要擺出，有時(shí)也有只強(qiáng)調(diào)一種觀點(diǎn)的，那么這就等于將上述第二點(diǎn)和第三點(diǎn)合在一起了

3.作者的觀點(diǎn)必須鮮明，不能模棱兩可

4.論證自己的觀點(diǎn)是議論文的最關(guān)鍵的部分。論證手段與英語(yǔ)說明文中的一些寫作手法相同，常用的有羅列法、舉例法、因果法、比較法等等。

5.對(duì)于較長(zhǎng)的英語(yǔ)議論文還可以在文章結(jié)尾時(shí)對(duì)全文要點(diǎn)作一小結(jié)。

下面這篇學(xué)生作文是較為典型的一篇英語(yǔ)議論文：

Should Examination Be Abolished （取消）？

The examination system has come to be the main theme （主題）of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted， promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education （教育的領(lǐng)域） it is under much criticism （評(píng)論） as to its validity （有效性） . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system More； those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished？ In my opinion it should be.

Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge， but， in fact， that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.

I'd like to say that， because of the existence of the examination system， students pay so much attention to gaining high marks， that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote （貢獻(xiàn)） themselves to the study of textbooks only. They， of course， know nothing but the skeleton （梗概） of knowledge. The end and aim of education， however， is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this， students must get themselves to do all kinds of training， physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.

Moreover， since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible， psychologically （心理上來看）， they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.

Lastly， in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation （誘惑） for students to cheat （作弊） in an examination. Indeed， such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers， their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair （損害） our moral standards （道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)） .

Therefore， I am of the opinion， in conclusion， that the examination system should be abolished.

（5）英語(yǔ)看圖作文的寫作方法

英語(yǔ)是一種語(yǔ)言，從語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度來看，學(xué)生在掌握一定數(shù)量的詞匯與語(yǔ)法知識(shí)后，就要用來表達(dá)自己的思想、見解，這些落實(shí)到紙面上就是書面表達(dá)。針對(duì)初中生的實(shí)際能力，書面表達(dá)為初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的一大難題，其常見形式多為看圖作文。結(jié)合自己教學(xué)與寫作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)看圖作文談幾點(diǎn)體會(huì)。

看圖作文的寫作從整體上可分為兩個(gè)過程：一，感性認(rèn)識(shí)過程，即通過畫面直接獲得信息的過程（究竟畫面展示了一個(gè)什么情景）；二，理性認(rèn)識(shí)過程，即針對(duì)畫面讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力，挖掘畫面間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系融入自己的思想與見解（畫面的內(nèi)涵是什么）。在實(shí)際教學(xué)過程中我將這兩個(gè)過程具體滲透到五個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)（一“抓”，二“列”，三“變”，四“連”，五“檢”）中去。

一“抓”為抓主題。首先，根據(jù)圖片內(nèi)容確定好題材與體裁 — 是寫人還是寫景，是說理還是敘事，是書信還是日記或其他應(yīng)用文體。這一環(huán)節(jié)可采用 a, 求同法，即尋找畫面中相同的人物、地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間等，來幫助學(xué)生確定主線，不致于跑題； b ，求異法，即啟發(fā)學(xué)生觀察幾幅圖的不同之處，挖掘出它們之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系從而確定體裁。

二“列”為列要點(diǎn)。由于書面表達(dá)是以一定的情景為基礎(chǔ)，考查具有一定的針對(duì)性，因此要點(diǎn)要全面，無遺漏。要點(diǎn)主要是結(jié)合圖片中的情景用自己熟悉的結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯列出，忌用生疏的結(jié)構(gòu)與詞匯按漢語(yǔ)思維盲目羅列，原則“不求難，不求異，唯求準(zhǔn)”。

三“變”為變要點(diǎn)為句子。將第二個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中所羅列的要點(diǎn)，先按一定的時(shí)間、空間及邏輯順序排列；然后選定恰當(dāng)?shù)闹髡Z(yǔ)與人稱，再根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間與主謂關(guān)系拓詞成句。結(jié)合初中生的實(shí)際，要求用他們熟悉、簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)，避免因用長(zhǎng)句和大量的復(fù)合句而出現(xiàn)過多的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。如果遇到必須用長(zhǎng)句表達(dá)時(shí)，可仿照、套用課本或各種閱讀材料中出現(xiàn)的句型，切勿用漢語(yǔ)思維生造句子。

四“連”為連句成篇。這一環(huán)節(jié)是最關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)。首先，要根據(jù)題目所要求及畫面展示確定好題材與體裁。其次，要確定好行文的人稱與時(shí)態(tài)的基調(diào)。再次，要在句與句以及段與段之間加一些表轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)和因果等關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與過渡句，使文章前后照應(yīng)，行文流暢。最后結(jié)合題目要求字?jǐn)?shù)適當(dāng)加入一些表達(dá)自己思想、見解的內(nèi)容，使文章豐滿顯得有血有肉。

五“檢”為文章檢查。文章寫成之后錯(cuò)誤在所難免，檢查這一環(huán)節(jié)不能省。檢查可從如下幾方面入手： 1 ，文章的體裁格式是否正確。 2 ，要點(diǎn)有無遺漏。 3 ，句子（人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致、結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語(yǔ)搭配等）。 4 ，詞匯（意義、拼寫、時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)，形容詞與動(dòng)詞的形式，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)）。 5 ，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否有遺漏與錯(cuò)誤。

在經(jīng)過以上幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)之后，一篇符合要求的看圖作文就算完成了。在這里還要提到的是，英語(yǔ)做為一門語(yǔ)言基本功的訓(xùn)練不可忽視，書面表達(dá)中書寫尤為重要。此外，還應(yīng)不斷加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)詞匯與語(yǔ)法的積累與錘煉，只有這樣書面表達(dá)才能有真正的提高。

（6）英語(yǔ)說明文的寫作方法

就“說明對(duì)象”而言，英語(yǔ)說明文可分為對(duì)“客觀具體事物”的說明和對(duì)“主觀抽象觀念”的說明兩大類，比如：對(duì)“LASER（激光）”、“Computer Problem of Year 2000（計(jì)算機(jī)2000年問題）”等等的說明都是對(duì)客觀或者具體事物的說明，而“The Successful Interview（談成功的面試）”、“How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能寫好英語(yǔ)作文）” 等是對(duì)主觀抽象觀念的說明。對(duì)我們中學(xué)生朋友來說，在漢語(yǔ)說明文的教學(xué)中似乎比較側(cè)重前者，即解釋客觀具體事物的說明文。但在英語(yǔ)說明文中，闡述和說明 “主觀抽象觀念”的說明文占了很大的比重，其中有些類似漢語(yǔ)中的議論文。但是無論是對(duì)“客觀具體事物”的說明還是對(duì)“主觀抽象觀念”的闡述，英語(yǔ)說明文從結(jié)構(gòu)上看大致可分為三個(gè)部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主題，也就是說，文章想要闡述、說明的主要內(nèi)容；第二部分是文章的主體，可由若干個(gè)段落組成，對(duì)文章的主題進(jìn)行展開說明；第三部分是結(jié)尾段，對(duì)文章的主題作歸納總結(jié)。從英語(yǔ)說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，要寫好英語(yǔ)說明文的關(guān)鍵在于第二部分如何對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行展開說明。在英語(yǔ)中，常見的用來展開文章主題的方法有下列幾種：

1.羅列法（listing）

在文章開始時(shí)提出需要說明的東西和觀點(diǎn)，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導(dǎo)性的說明文之中，下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用羅列法寫成的：

Early Rising

Early rising （早起） is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit （健康）。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise （做早操）。

Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

Thirdly， early rising enables （使能夠） us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí)：

There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …

We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

必須指出的是，有時(shí)羅列法并不一定有明確的first， second…等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開的。

2.舉例法（examples）

舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達(dá)的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等詞語(yǔ)引出。下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用舉例法寫成的：

Recreation

It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation （娛樂）。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的） There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“

There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉） with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work （體力活） should adopt （采納） reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk （輕松） walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

可以看出，舉例法和羅列法有時(shí)可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實(shí)羅列的說明。

3.比較法（comparison and contrast）

比較法是對(duì)兩個(gè)對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較，從而進(jìn)行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細(xì)分為比較相同點(diǎn)（comparison）和比較不同點(diǎn)（contrast）兩種方法，比如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Although they are different in length （長(zhǎng)度）， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure （結(jié)構(gòu)）。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence （主題句） or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus （主題所在） Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory （引導(dǎo)的） paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence （結(jié)束句） ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例外）， most well written expository （說明文的） paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.

可以看出，在比較相同點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等這樣的詞語(yǔ)。

European Football and American Football

Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America （the United States and Canada）。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions （位置） on the field， is played with an elongated （拉長(zhǎng)的） round ball. Soccer has little body contact （接觸） between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting （頂） it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's （對(duì)手） goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish （區(qū)別） association and American football.

這是一篇用比較不同點(diǎn)的手法寫的說明文。從文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)常用來引導(dǎo)對(duì)不同點(diǎn)的比較。

4.定義法（definition）

定義法也是英語(yǔ)說明文中常用的寫作手法，特別是在對(duì)具體事物概念進(jìn)行說明時(shí)經(jīng)常使用。定義法的基本要素是定義句。英語(yǔ)中常見定義句的模式是：

被定義對(duì)象is所屬類別+限制性定語(yǔ)

可以看出，定義句中限制性定語(yǔ)越詳細(xì)，定義就越精確，比如：

A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以……為食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.

其實(shí)，在英—英詞典中，對(duì)英語(yǔ)單詞的英文解釋就是定義法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman詞典對(duì)student和teacher的定義是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （專業(yè)）。

5.順序法（sequence of time， space and process）

順序法是指按時(shí)間、空間或過程的順序進(jìn)行說明的一種寫作手法。比如按照時(shí)間順序介紹一個(gè)科學(xué)家的生平，用空間順序闡述逐漸開發(fā)西部的重要意義，用過程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)過程等等。

下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用順序法寫成的：

Coal

Coal underwent （經(jīng)受） many changes before it became the bright， brittle （脆的）， black substance which we now use. During ancient times （在上古時(shí)代）， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink （下沉） a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀） of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.

Generations after generations （幾世紀(jì)后）， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited （積聚） above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted （作用） and the peat （泥煤） was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.

Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine （煤礦）。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.

6.分類法（classification）

分類法是將寫作對(duì)象進(jìn)行分類說明的一種寫作手法。比如：著名的英國(guó)哲學(xué)家弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）在其膾炙人口的《談讀書》（Of Studies）一文中就用到了分類法：

Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others； but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…