啊,DNA是一種神奇的物質(zhì)。
為了驗證親緣關(guān)系,人類發(fā)明了DNA檢測。
抓捕罪犯,需要DNA證據(jù),找回丟失兒童,也會用到DNA。
有了它,能幫萬千家人團聚。
前段時間,聽NPR的一個播客講了很奇葩的故事,美國有幾個女性,要想從一家醫(yī)院的精子庫中,獲取精子懷孕。
結(jié)果,一位醫(yī)生利用自己的職權(quán),將精子庫中的精子替換成了自己的。
最終,通過DNA檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些女性的孩子都出自同一個人,就是那位醫(yī)生。
除此之外,DNA檢測,還能幫助人們提前預防某些遺傳疾病。
那么,DNA檢測到底是怎么做到呢?
通過PCR (聚合酶鏈反應),對樣本(如血液,毛發(fā),皮膚細胞或者身體上的某種物質(zhì))進行檢測,然后與基因庫中已存在的DNA數(shù)據(jù)進行對比。
當然,DNA并不是100% 準確,但也能保證99%以上的準確率。所以基本上是準備無誤的。
但是,你聽過給狗做DNA檢測的嗎?狗做DNA能夠幫助狗狗們找到自己的親緣關(guān)系嗎?
今天我們一起來讀讀這篇文章,標題有點不雅觀呢。
學習詞匯
寵物遺傳檢測-狗狗DNA檢測越來越流行,給人的驚喜越來越多。
閱讀本文,你會學到以下表達方式:
流浪狗,法國斗牛犬,
雜交品種,保持血統(tǒng)純潔,
遺傳標記。
01
一只狗的血緣竟如此復雜
Carnegie Violet Dog-Fuller lives a happy life in Hollywood. She enjoys munching ice cubes and listening to Snoop Dogg. Life was not always so easy. Found as an injured stray in Santa Monica, she spent time in a rescue centre before being adopted by Gregg and Lindsay Fuller last year.
Carnegie Violet Dog-Fuller 是一只在好萊塢幸福生活的狗狗。它喜歡嚼冰塊,聽史努比狗狗的音頻。
但以前它的生活卻不盡如人意。受傷,無家可歸的它一直住在圣莫妮卡的救助站里,直到去年Gregg 和Lindsay Fuller夫妻倆收養(yǎng)了它。
◆stray n 走失(流浪)的動物
《一條狗的使命》臺詞
They reckoned she was a French Bulldog mix. But a DNA test revealed her to be more American Staffordshire Terrier (39%) than French Bulldog (24%), with significant Pomeranian genes (16%). “We were shocked,” admits Mr Fuller.
Fuller夫妻倆猜想它是一個法國斗牛犬的雜交品種。但DNA檢測卻顯示,這只狗的血緣卻比較復雜:39%的美國斯塔福德狗, 24%的法國斗牛犬和16%的博美犬基因。
夫妻倆被震驚到了!
◆French bulldog 法國斗牛犬
◆mix 雜交品種
02
保持狗種血統(tǒng)純正的歷史
Genealogy was once the preserve of elite dogs. Their breeders take a special interest in keeping bloodlines pure, to create new champions and to raise the prices of puppies. Now common mutts are having their pedigrees traced.
宗譜曾經(jīng)是為了保持狗種精良。他們的飼養(yǎng)者非常注重狗的血統(tǒng)純正,這樣能夠幫助他們贏得冠軍,并且提高狗的售賣價格。
現(xiàn)在,一般的雜種狗也在進行宗譜追蹤。
◆genealogy 宗譜,血統(tǒng)
◆bloodlines 血統(tǒng),種系
◆pedigree 血統(tǒng),家譜,純種的
《權(quán)力的游戲》臺詞
《萬物生靈》臺詞
03
狗狗DNA檢測的流行
Wisdom Panel, a firm that tests pet DNA, said on March 3rd that its database had expanded to 3m animals (over 95% of them dogs), up from 1m in 2018.
Wisdom Panel是一家給寵物DNA檢測公司,該公司在三月三日稱其數(shù)據(jù)庫從2018年的100萬已經(jīng)擴展到了目前的300萬只動物DNA(其中95%以上都是狗的)。
Embark Veterinary, a similar firm which has 1m dogs in its database, was valued at $700m in July after a $75m investment.
Embark Veterinary也是一家經(jīng)營類似業(yè)務的公司,其數(shù)據(jù)庫已經(jīng)存儲了100萬只狗的DNA。在獲得了7500萬美元的投資后,其價值在七月份達到了7億美元。
During the pandemic 23m Americans adopted puppies, according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Rebecca Chodroff Foran, research director at Wisdom Panel, thinks this trend has collided with another: the growth of human DNA business. Owners “now consider their pets to be key members of the family”, she says.
據(jù)美國防范殘忍對待動物協(xié)會稱,疫情期間有2300萬美國人收養(yǎng)了狗狗。
Wisdom Panel的研究主任Rebecca Chodroff Foran認為這一趨勢與另一個趨勢不謀而合:人類DNA檢測業(yè)務的增長。
她說,狗主人現(xiàn)在會把寵物看做是重要的家庭成員之一。
04
狗狗DNA檢測方法與原理
Animal DNA tests work much like human ones. They compare genetic markers with a database of pets with verified pedigrees, revealing canine lineage and potential health problems. Embark claims 99.9% accuracy; Wisdom Panel claims over 98%.
動物DNA檢測與人類很像。檢測人員會將基因標記物與已證實的寵物血統(tǒng)庫進行比對,從而可以得出犬類的血統(tǒng)和潛在的健康問題。
Embark 的檢測率達到99.9%,Wisdom Panel能達到98%以上。
◆genetic marker 基因標記
Some owners are horrified to discover that their costly crossbreed is in fact a mix of entirely different breeds. But owners of adopted and rescue dogs, which make up 67% of Wisdom Panel’s database, are keen to learn.
有些狗主人驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)他們昂貴的雜交狗竟然是完全不同族類混交而成的。
但是,對占據(jù)了Wisdom Panel數(shù)據(jù)庫67%的遺棄狗和救援狗來說,他們的主人也十分想知道自己狗的血統(tǒng)。
◆crossbreed 雜交品種
Murray, who lives in New York with his owner Erica Hyman, looks like a Jack Russell but with upright ears. He turned out to be a mix of 23 breeds. “Now I just tell people ‘He’s just a dog!’,” says Ms Hyman.
和自己的主人Erica Hyman住在紐約的狗狗Murray看起來像一只耳朵豎直的杰克羅素梗狗。
但DNA檢測顯示,它竟然是一只有著23個血統(tǒng)的雜種狗。Hyman無奈的說“現(xiàn)在我對別人講時,只說這是一條狗”。
05
狗狗DNA檢測的重要性
Chico Lopez, who breeds American Pit Bull Terriers, thinks DNA is a decent investment for mutts. He compares them to second-hand cars: “You don’t know if the engine comes from a Toyota, the transmission from a Bugatti and the tyres from a little motorcycle, so you need to…find out what is going to break first.”
Chico Lopez是一個繁殖美國比特犬的人,他認為對雜種狗來說,DNA檢測是一筆值得投入的錢。
他將雜種狗比作二手車:“你不知道你的(二手車)發(fā)動機來自豐田,變速器來自布加迪,而輪胎來自小摩托車,所以你得搞清楚哪個會先垮掉。”
But those wanting a pureblood, he says, should not rely wholly on DNA, as reputable breeders already have accurate knowledge of a dog’s ancestors.
他繼續(xù)說,那些想要純種狗的人不應該完全依賴DNA檢測,因為口碑好的狗狗繁殖者早就對狗的祖先了解得一清二楚。
◆pureblood 純正血統(tǒng)的,純種的
Owners of adopted dogs like searching for long-lost kin. About12% of dogs on Embark’s database discover a sibling, parent or offspring.
那些領(lǐng)養(yǎng)狗的主人很喜歡搜索狗的遠親。在Embark數(shù)據(jù)庫中,有12%的狗能找到自己的兄弟姐妹、父母或后代。
And, as with human DNA testing, there is the possibility of stumbling on a family secret. Some dog owners are now finding that their sweet pooch fathered a litter in another state before absconding. Paw form.
和人類DNA檢測一樣,檢測結(jié)果有時會無意間發(fā)現(xiàn)家族的秘密。
進行DNA檢測后,有些狗的主人發(fā)現(xiàn)他那溫柔的雜交狗竟然在另一個城市生了一窩小狗,然后拋家棄子。
到處留情?。?/p>
◆ stumble on 無意中發(fā)現(xiàn),偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)
《神盾特工局》臺詞
你養(yǎng)狗嗎?你會給狗做DNA檢測嗎?
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