時態(tài)無疑是初中英語重要的語法內(nèi)容,學(xué)好時態(tài)基本就拿下了語法的半壁江山。今天總結(jié)的八種時態(tài)是大家在初中階段必學(xué)必考的,期末復(fù)習(xí)時一定要加倍重視哦!
英語八大時態(tài):
01
一般現(xiàn)在時
標(biāo)志:動詞原形
1. 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動作,常與表頻度的時間狀語連用:
She often speaks English.
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2. 表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征、職業(yè)、能力、感覺等:
He seems to feel a bit down today.
He works as a driver.
3. 表示真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)或用于格言警句中:
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
4. 表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動作:
Here comes the bus!
5. 表示將來
1) 表按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作,可以與表示未來的時間狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是:飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通狀況。如:
The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
How often does the shuttle bus run?
2) 在時間和條件狀語從句中常使用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來發(fā)生的事情:
When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.
I shall go there tomorrow unless I m too busy.
02
一般過去時
標(biāo)志:動詞過去式
*閉音節(jié):元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果發(fā)字母本來的音則稱為開音節(jié),否則稱為閉音節(jié)。
1. 表示過去某時所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:
Jim rang you just now.
Liu Ying was in America last year.
2. 表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作,特別是used to do表達(dá)的句型,本身表示的就是過去常常。如:
When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.
She used to visit her mother once a week.
*注意區(qū)分sb. used to do sth.和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.。
3. 代替一般現(xiàn)在時,表示一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。此用法僅適用于少數(shù)動詞及情態(tài)動詞could, would。如:
I wondered if you could have a word with me.
I hoped you could help me with my English.
Would you mind my sitting here?
4. 虛擬語氣中用一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r間的動作或狀態(tài)。常用句型有:
It is time that sb. did sth. “某人該做某事了”
would rather sb. did sth. “寧愿某人做某事”
03
一般將來時
標(biāo)志:will / shall + 動詞原形
1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),通常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。如:
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
My husband will come back in a few days.
2. 表示傾向性和習(xí)慣性:
Fish will die without water.
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.
3. 一般將來時的幾種句式結(jié)構(gòu)辨析:
1) will / shall + 動詞原形
多用于表達(dá)主觀愿望或必定會發(fā)生的事情
*shall作助動詞時一般只用于第一人稱
2) be going to + 動詞原形
表示即將發(fā)生或打算要做的事:
It is going to rain.
We are going to have a meeting today.
3) be to + 動詞原形
表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動作:
He is to visit Japan next year.
We are to discuss the report on Monday.
4) be about to + 動詞原形
表示即將發(fā)生的動作,意為“馬上要做某事”,后面一般不跟時間狀語,如:
The plane is about to start.
Don t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.
04
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
標(biāo)志:be + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 表示說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作:
She is writing a letter upstairs.
Who are you waiting for?
It is raining hard.
2. 表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動作:
I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.
3. 表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作,往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒,通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如:
John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.
He is always thinking of others first.
4. 表示將來
1) 表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作,僅適用于部分趨向動詞。如:
Uncle Wang is coming.
They re leaving for Beijing.
2) 在時間和條件狀語從句中,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將來某時正在發(fā)生的事情。如:
Please drop in when you are passing my way.
If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.
05
過去進(jìn)行時
標(biāo)志:was / were + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 表示過去某一時刻或一段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作,過去進(jìn)行時中常用的時間狀語有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如:
I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.
They were watching TV at home last night.
2. 表示過去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作,往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒,通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如:
My brother was always losing his keys.
3. 表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去某時刻將要發(fā)生的動作,僅適用于部分趨向動詞。如:
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.
4. 過去進(jìn)行時有一個主要用法就是描述一件事情發(fā)生的背景:
Granny fell asleep when she was reading.
It was raining when they left the station.
06
現(xiàn)在完成時
標(biāo)志:have / has + 動詞的過去分詞
1. 表示一個過去發(fā)生并已完成的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況。如:
He has left the city.
Someone has broken the window.
2. 表示一個動作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也可能還會繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。
I have been busy since last week.
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
I’ve finished half so far.
注意 瞬間動詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)性的,但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如:
She hasn’t seen you for ages.
His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.
3. 表示過去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如:
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.
4. 在時間和條件狀語從句中,現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來某時完成的動作。如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.
5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的常見詞語
能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的詞語很多,just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等,但常見的有:
1) since 自從
I have been there many times since the war.
We haven’t seen each other since last week.
We have been friends ever since.
2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過去/最近…中
I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.
Great changes have take place in the last ten years.
I have been here (for) the last/past month.
3) so far 到目前為止
We haven’t had any trouble so far.
So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.
4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止
Up to now he’s been quiet.
Up to now, the work has been easy.
I have heard nothing from him up till now.
Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.
5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…
It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.
It is the second time (that) I have met him today.
6) This is + 形容詞最高級 + that … 這是最…
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果,與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系;
而一般過去時強(qiáng)調(diào)這個動作發(fā)生的時間是在過去,不涉及對現(xiàn)在的影響。如:
I have seen this film.
I saw this film yesterday.
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或者干脆沒有時間狀語;
而一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用。
3) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示持續(xù)時一般使用延續(xù)性動詞;
而一般過去時常使用瞬間動詞。如:
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.
My grandfather bought the car five years ago.
7. 易錯點(diǎn)辨析
1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時表達(dá),這是錯誤的。如:
(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。
(√) He has been dead for two years.
(√) He died two years ago.
(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。
(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.
(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.
(×) She has married for three years. 她結(jié)婚有三年了。
(√) She has been married for three years.
(√) She married Mike three years ago.
2) 考生不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to,盡管兩者均可后接地點(diǎn),但have been to表示去過某地,have gone to表示到某地去了。如:
She has been to Paris (three times).
She has gone to Paris.
07
過去完成時
標(biāo)志:had + 動詞的過去分詞
1. 表示在過去的某個時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。如:
By the end of last week he had finished the work.
He had left when I arrived.
2. 表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)。如:
We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.
The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.
3. 某些表意向的動詞的過去完成時表示主語未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望、打算。如:
I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
4. 在條件狀體從句或wish / would rather等后面的從句中,使用過去完成時表示與過去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望。如:
The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.
I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.
5. 過去完成時與一般過去時
1) 基本區(qū)別:過去完成時表示以過去某時間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),即過去完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,而一般過去時只表示以現(xiàn)在時間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如:
He studied there two years ago.他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)
He said he had studied there two years before.他說他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)過。
2) 特別注意:兩個動作如果按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或者用then, and, but等連詞連接時,多用一般過去時。如:
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
08
過去將來時
標(biāo)志:would + 動詞原形
1. 表示從過去某一時間來看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),一般用于主句為過去時的賓語從句中。如:
He said he would come here next Friday.
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.
2. 表示過去的動作習(xí)慣或傾向:
The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything.
When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am.
3. 用于虛擬語氣中:
If I were you, I would not do that.
If he were here, he would show us how to do it.
4. 過去將來時的其他形式
1) was / were going to + 動詞原形。如:
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.
She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.
2) was / were to + 動詞原形。如:
The building was to be completed next month.
Li Lei was to arrive soon.
3) was / were about to + 動詞原形。如:
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.
He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.
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