寫(xiě)作，是專四考試中的壓軸大戲：

分值高——20分，與4篇閱讀理解一個(gè)身價(jià)；

時(shí)間最寬裕——45分鐘，占考試總時(shí)間的三分之一，比閱讀理解分配的時(shí)間還多出10分鐘。

首先要明白：寫(xiě)作考察的是基本的寫(xiě)作能力和如何把事情說(shuō)明白的能力；至于說(shuō)的什么事，論點(diǎn)是否獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟，并不重要。切記：作文不是求新，而是求有話說(shuō)、有理講。

專四寫(xiě)作的步驟一般分為五步：審題、立意、 結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)和校檢。請(qǐng)看下表中各步驟的目的與大致時(shí)間分配：

下面重點(diǎn)談?wù)勛h論文和說(shuō)明文的寫(xiě)作，因?yàn)榻瓿？嫉木沁@兩種文體。議論文和說(shuō)明文有相似之處，有些題目既可以寫(xiě)成議論文，也可以寫(xiě)成說(shuō)明文。

今天講第一步審題。雖然審題在五個(gè)步驟只占幾分鐘的時(shí)間，但卻十分重要，因?yàn)榱己玫拈_(kāi)端是成功的一半。

審題是指在真正動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)作之前對(duì)于考題的理解和分析的過(guò)程，它直接關(guān)系著一篇作文的質(zhì)量。良好的審題，能引導(dǎo)你正確完成接下來(lái)的幾個(gè)步驟；反之，不認(rèn)真審題就倉(cāng)促下筆，往往是“欲速則不達(dá)”，有偏題甚至跑題的危險(xiǎn)。

簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)就兩步：初讀和細(xì)讀。

初讀，了解題目大意，讀懂基本要求；

細(xì)讀，獲取關(guān)鍵信息，明確具體要求。

According to a recent survey on college students' mental well-being, 20 percent of college students experience various kinds of stress. Interpersonal communication, finding jobs, and study are among the top factors that cause anxiety and stress among students. Have you ever had such problems? And how do you tackle the problem(s)? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: How I Deal with Stress

You are to write in three parts.

In the first part, state the kind of stressyou have experienced.

In the second part, explain how you deal with the stress.

In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

第一次讀題的目的是弄清楚文體。作文的出題形式由三部分構(gòu)成：作文題目、情景提示和寫(xiě)作要求。上面考題中，題目是How I deal with stress；題目之后是寫(xiě)作指令，告訴你怎么寫(xiě)、寫(xiě)什么：第一部分state your stress，第二部分explain your methods，最后一部分make a summary。

通常情況下，議論文討論的是why，說(shuō)明文解釋的是how，記敘文講述的是what。可以判斷，這篇文章是要求寫(xiě)一篇說(shuō)明文。

文體：說(shuō)明文

背景：survey表明，20%的大學(xué)生有stress

對(duì)象：大學(xué)生college students

角度：你自己的經(jīng)歷；你怎么去解決

Read carefully the following excerpt and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 WORDS, in which you should:

1) Summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then

2) Comment on whether our brains will get lazy in a world run by intelligent machines.

You can support yourself with information from the excerpt.

With intelligent machines to do the thinking, will our brains get lazy?

Changing technology stimulates the brain and increases intelligence. But that may only be true if the technology challenges us. In a world run by intelligent machines, our lives could get a lot simpler. Would that make us less intelligent?

Artificial intelligence is taking over many human jobs. For instance, planes are being flown much of the time by automatic pilots. And the complex problem of controlling air traffic around large modern airports is also achieved by artificial intelligence that operates well beyond the capacity of mere human air traffic controllers.

Artificial intelligence is embedded in many features of modern life for the simple reason that intelligent machines can already outperform humans, including some aptitudes where there was once thought to be a human advantage, such as playing chess, and writing poetry, or even novels.

As machines get smarter, they will do more of our thinking for us and make life easier. In the future, the electronic assistant will develop to the point that it serves similar functions as a real living butler, fulfilling requests such as: “Organize a dinner party for six on Thursday, Jeeves, and invite the usual guests.”

At that point, our long struggle with challenging technologies is at an end. Like Bertie Wooster, we can take it easy knowing that the hard work of planning and organizing is being done by a better brain — the electronic assistant. Starved of mental effort, our brains will regress.

看情景提示，即閱讀材料。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，閱讀材料提供的是某種現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題，或不同的觀點(diǎn)、理由與例子。閱讀中要注意觀察主題句、銜接詞。

這篇閱讀材料共五段：第一段提出問(wèn)題Would that make us less intelligent；第二段第一句Artificial intelligence is taking over many human job是主題句，因?yàn)楹竺娴你暯釉~是for instance與and，說(shuō)明這都是用來(lái)舉例說(shuō)明第一句的。

第三段第一句artificial intelligence is embedded in many features of modern life，它的從句引導(dǎo)詞為for the simple reason that…，講的是現(xiàn)象的原因。

第四段開(kāi)頭句為as machines get smarter, they will do more of our thinking for us and make life easier. 這段講的是人工智能的作用或意義。

最后一段開(kāi)頭句有個(gè)at an end，是個(gè)不好的兆頭，果然讀到最后就明白：our brain 確實(shí)要退化了。

這樣，整個(gè)材料大意就清楚了：

第1段提問(wèn)題：人腦會(huì)變懶嗎？

第2段講現(xiàn)狀：人工智能承擔(dān)大量工作

第3段講原因：人工智能很強(qiáng)

第4段講意義：人工智能讓生活更簡(jiǎn)單

第5段講擔(dān)憂：長(zhǎng)此以往，人腦必將退化。

上面材料作文的審題結(jié)果，總結(jié)如下：

1. 弄清文體：議論文

2. 確定題目：人工智能變強(qiáng)，人腦會(huì)變差嗎

3. 莫忘指令：summarize & comment

4. 情景提示：閱讀材料的大意

近兩年的考題都是材料作文，這也算是一種福利。表面上增加了閱讀任務(wù)，其實(shí)為廣大考生提供了一些想法與靈感。寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中雖然不能照搬照抄，但還是可以靈活利用其中的相關(guān)語(yǔ)句及詞匯的。

有同學(xué)可能會(huì)說(shuō)：我詞匯量有限，作文的閱讀材料里有不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞，怎么辦？這個(gè)問(wèn)題不難解決：不是有種題型叫閱讀理解嗎？所謂閱讀-理解，閱讀是理解的前提，理解是閱讀的結(jié)果。比如剛才分析閱讀材料的時(shí)候，并沒(méi)有把里面所有的句子、字詞都弄明白，每段知道了主旨，即便有幾個(gè)生詞，也能理解出他們的意思，至少文中語(yǔ)境下的意思能感受個(gè)八九不離十。

再有同學(xué)問(wèn)：我不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞比較多，怎么辦呢？嗚呼呀！這個(gè)是個(gè)大問(wèn)題，一個(gè)句子20個(gè)詞，你18個(gè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的，神仙也救不了你?。?xiě)作屬于語(yǔ)言輸出，是以充足的輸入為前提的，詞匯不足，是硬傷。

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